The Classical Political Economy Developed Theories And...

Economic system in the world is mostly productive in America this is due to the constant unlimited wants of its people and the fact that most people have high standards of living (Rosefielde, 2008). An individual has different wants and at any particular time an individual can satisfy his or her wants through purchasing these goods therefore there is an unlimited wants for goods and services. In recent times people consume goods that they don’t produce they sell or provide services then the income they gain from the services they purchase the goods that they want to consume. In this paper I will discuss the developed theories of the classical political economy developed theories and discuss on their different characteristics. These theories were mainly concerned with the changing aspects of economic growth in different centuries. Classical political economy is the political economy during industrial revolution from the 18th century to the 19th century. The theories of classica l political economy ask some specific questions whose answer creates the differences between them. Some of the asked questions are what does the surplus consist of and what defines its size, what is its origin, to whom is it distributed to, what causes or rather defines its growth over time. In addition the economists also ask what happens to the relative shares of surplus obtained by the various classes of revenue appropriators as the surplus increases. Lastly how does the distributive relation impactShow MoreRelatedTenets of Neoclassical Economy2154 Words   |  9 Pagesobjective of this academic essay is to discuss the main tenets of neoclassical economic liberalism, explain whether less developed countries should entirely depend on developed countries not and give the reasons. According to Schumpeter (1954), the classical school of economics was developed in the 1750 and lasted as the mainstream of economic thought until the late 1800. 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Book Report on The New Ethnic Mob by William Kleinknecht...

Book Report on The New Ethnic Mob by William Kleinknecht The New Ethic Mob by William Kleinknecht explores how the current criminals involved in organized crime are no longer just the Italians. He could be Cuban, Chinese, Russian, African-American, Haitian, or Jamaican. These are the new breed of more sophisticated and more brutal organized criminals. In the preface of the book Kleinknecht states not to mistake this work for a case against immigration in the United States. The author does a great job giving background information on how organized crime emerged in the early part of the nineteenth century. Then became much stronger though prohibition with Italian, Irish, and Jewish groups†¦show more content†¦They are involved in illegal lottery networks and control the numbers outlets in New York City. Jose Miguel Battle is the head of the Cuban Mob, and the mention of his name provokes fear in Hispanic neighborhoods from New York to Florida. It is said that he is bigger than legendary numbers boss Dutch Schultz. The Vietnamese are also gaining strength on the street with extortion and shake down operations. There MO is to burglarize jewlery stores in a certain area and get on the highway. By the time the police are investigating the case they are in another city doing the same thing. This seems to be an effective method for them. When the FBI helps a sub committee in 1987 they recognized the Arab Mob as an extremely dangerous group. They have close ties to the Detroit Italian mafia. While some of them are hard working convenient store owners others are drug kingpins and insurance fraud artists. In Detroit the Arabs supply the Italian mafia with dependable bookmaking operations and run illegal casinos for them. Vietnamese gangs steal computer chips in Silicon Valley. The Ukrainian steals cars in Chicago and smuggle them to Poland. The Dominicans have become major players in the Columbian drug cartels. The Haitians operate illegal numbers games in New Jersey. Lastly, the Jamaicans have set up organized gangs t hat have terrorized parts of Queens. As one can see it seems as

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI) Essay Example For Students

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI) Essay FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI)INTRODUCTIONMexico is the top trading nation in Latin America and the ninth-largest economy in the world. No country has signed more free trade agreements 33 in all, including the two biggest markets in the world, the US and the EU. Altogether these signatory countries make up a preferential market of over more than billion consumers. Much of the FDI in Mexico is attracted by the countrys strategic location within the North American Free Trade Agreement, which has positioned it as a springboard to the US and Canada. Other attractions are competitive production costs and a young, skilled workforce, together with political stability and an open economy. As a result, the number of foreign companies established in Mexico has risen to more than 16,000. The opportunities for investors are numerous, particularly in sectors such as automotive, electronics, information and communication technology, agribusiness, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, financial services, water and power generation. As part of the Mexican governments campaign to attract FDI, the 44 overseas offices of the Mexican Bank for Foreign Trade (Bancomext) operate as trade commissions that offer advice and assistance to potential investors. Mexico has long been one of the more attractive nations in which to make an investment, whether in manufacturing or infrastructure FDI. The large population, inexpensive labor pool, stable political environment and proximity to the US have given it significant advantages over other potential recipients of FDI. Mexico is a showcase of how emerging markets can attract foreign capital flows into their economies. In 1999, Mexico remained the third main destination of FDI among emerging markets only after China and Brazil. On a worldwide basis, Mexico ranks 15th among FDI recipients accounting for 1.3 percent of total investment flows. During the first three months of 2000, Mexico received US$3 billion in FDI and it is expected that the year will end at US$12 billion. In addition to Mexicos economic reforms and liberalization processes, an important element in making Mexico a very attractive market for foreign investors has been the negotiation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). To this date, Mexico has established these kinds of agreements with 13 countries (Argentina, Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Uruguay). It has concluded negotiations with Sweden, Greece and South Korea, and is currently negotiating with Cuba, the United Kingdom, Israel and Japan. Ireland is on Mexicos list for a future BIT. ECONOMIC INFORMATION Population: 102.3m Population growth: 1.45% Population density (people per sq. km): 54UN Human Development Index ranking: 53/177Gross national income (current US$): $637.2bn (2003)Gross national income per capita: $6,230PPP Gross national income: $915.4bnPPP Gross national income per capita: $8,950GDP growth: -0.1% (2003)GDP breakdown Agriculture: 4.1%, Industry: 26.39%, Services: 69.57%Inflation (12-month average): 6.49 (2003)Gross capital formation as % of GDP: 19.83%Final consumption expenditure as % of GDP: (growth) 81.8% (2.9%)Exports of goods services as % of GDP: 28.4%Top 3 export markets: US, Canada, GermanyLocal industries: Food beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourismWEF Growth Competitiveness ranking * : 48/104WEF Business Competitiveness ranking ** : 55/103WEF Quality of the Bu siness Environment ranking : 56/103Transparency International Corruption Perceptions ranking: 64/145Languages: Spanish (official)FDI INFORMATION Region: Central America No. of projects (Jan-Sep 2004): 298 Market-share of projects in the region: 65.8%Value of projects relative to GDP: 4.8%Top 3 destination sectors: Metals/mining, hotels, tourism leisure, consumer electronicsTop 3 business functions: Manufacturing, retail, extractionTop 3 source countries: US, Japan, CanadaTop 3 investors: Ford, LG, ElectroluxFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTForeign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment made by foreign individuals or companies that establish operations in Mexico; it represents a contribution to the initial capital stock of the new society, an increment of the same capital in already established companies or the price of real estate trusteeships. All the previous include fixed assets and labor capital investments to perform trade activities in Mexico. The liberalization of policies in Mexi co during the 1990s have been highly successful in promoting trade and in attracting greater flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI and exports are currently the driving force behind economic growth and job creation. In the last five years, the rate of employment in firms with FDI has grown twice as fast as the national average. FDI has also played a key role in creating new and better paying jobs. The Commerce and Industrial Promotion Secretariat (SECOFI) promotes and regulates foreign investment, directing it to Mexico and contributing to national development. Investments involved in asset transference made by Mexican investors to foreign investors are also considered foreign investments, through them DFI totally or partially acquires Mexican societies already established. The network of free trade agreements and market oriented policies has made Mexico one of the most attractive countries for national and foreign direct investment (FDI). Manufacturing activities have especially benefited from increased foreign capital inflows, accounting for more than 75 percent of total FDI in Mexico: 57 percent went to the production of metal goods; machinery and equipment; 16 percent to food and beverages; and 9 percent to chemicals and plastics FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS GROWING Mexicos opening to the world economy reaffirms the conviction of attaining a better world linked by the opportunities free trade offers to nations and peoples. Foreign direct investment in Mexico is expected to reach US$12.4 billion, almost 25 per cent more than in 1999. Together the free trade agreement with Israel and those in effect with eight countries in the Western Hemisphere, the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union will place Mexico in a unique position in world trade in the 21st century. The President of Panasonic de Mexico, Yoshihisa Toki, commented that his company intends to make a significant contribution to employment creation and will transfer administrative responsibilities to local employees. It will also encourage the development of business ventures compatible with Mexicos environment in order to create a truly innovative industry. Likewise, Mr. Toki mentioned his interest in supporting the development of Mexicos industry. Meanwhile, the Director of Corporate Development, Sales and Marketing of Magna International, Wilfried F. Bartsch, remarked that this Canadian group is extremely interested in investment opportunities in Mexico. This is mainly the result of the possibilities generated by the North American Free Trade Agreement for the automotive and auto-parts industries. President Vicente Fox mentioned that the Mexican people want an economy that generates the resources required to bring education and health care to more people, and increase the coverage of housing programs, electricity, drinking water and drainage networks to overcome backwardness and give Mexicans the chance to break the circle of poverty through their own effortsINVESTORS LEGALLY PERMITTED Foreign individuals or companies carrying out commerce activities in Mexico and Foreign Investors offices established in the country. Mexican Societies with foreign participation of any kind in DFIs. Trust Institutions participating in real estate trusteeships from which rights that favor foreign investors emerge. LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Foreign Investment Law was published in the Federations Official Gazette the 27th of December of 1993 and reformed by decrees published the 24th of December of 1998 and the 23rd of January of 19998. The Foreign Investment and National Foreign Investment Records Office Regulations were published the 8th of September of 1998 and came into effect the 7th of September of the same year. In the dispositions of such regulations it is established that foreign investments may participate in any proportion of the capital stock of Mexican societies, acquire fixed assets, enter new fields of economic activity or manufacture new lines of products, open and operate establishments and enlarge or move those already existing. The Sun EssayThe Commerce and Industrial Promotion Secretariat (SECOFI) promotes and regulates foreign investment, directing it to Mexico and contributing to national development. Investments involved in asset transference made by Mexican investors to foreign investors are also considered foreign investments, through them DFI totally or partially acquires Mexican societies already established. The network of free trade agreements and market oriented policies has made Mexico one of the most attractive countries for national and foreign direct investment (FDI). Manufacturing activities have especially benefited from increased foreign capital inflows, accounting for more than 75 percent of total FDI in Mexico: 57 percent went to the production of metal goods; machinery and equipment; 16 percent to food and beverages; and 9 percent to chemicals and plastics FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS GROWING Mexicos opening to the world economy reaffirms the conviction of attaining a better world linked by the opportunities free trade offers to nations and peoples. Foreign direct investment in Mexico is expected to reach US$12.4 billion, almost 25 per cent more than in 1999. Together the free trade agreement with Israel and those in effect with eight countries in the Western Hemisphere, the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union will place Mexico in a unique position in world trade in the 21st century. The President of Panasonic de Mexico, Yoshihisa Toki, commented that his company intends to make a significant contribution to employment creation and will transfer administrative responsibilities to local employees. It will also encourage the development of business ventures compatible with Mexicos environment in order to create a truly innovative industry. Likewise, Mr. Toki mentioned his interest in supporting the development of Mexicos industry. Meanwhile, the Director of Corporate Development, Sales and Marketing of Magna International, Wilfried F. Bartsch, remarked that this Canadian group is extremely interested in investment opportunities in Mexico. This is mainly the result of the possibilities generated by the North American Free Trade Agreement for the automotive and auto-parts industries. President Vicente Fox mentioned that the Mexican people want an economy that generates the resources required to bring education and health care to more people, and increase the coverage of housing programs, electricity, drinking water and drainage networks to overcome backwardness and give Mexicans the chance to break the circle of poverty through their own effortsINVESTORS LEGALLY PERMITTED Foreign individuals or companies carrying out commerce activities in Mexico and Foreign Investors offices established in the country. Mexican Societies with foreign participation of any kind in DFIs. Trust Institutions participating in real estate trusteeships from which rights that favor foreign investors emerge. LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Foreign Investment Law was published in the Federations Official Gazette the 27th of December of 1993 and reformed by decrees published the 24th of December of 1998 and the 23rd of January of 19998. The Foreign Investment and National Foreign Investment Records Office Regulations were published the 8th of September of 1998 and came into effect the 7th of September of the same year. In the dispositions of such regulations it is established that foreign investments may participate in any proportion of the capital stock of Mexican societies, acquire fixed assets, enter new fields of economic activity or manufacture new lines of products, open and operate establishments and enlarge or move those already existing. The Mexican Government defines the following activity groups specifically regulated:States exclusive activities. Mexican citizens exclusive activities. Activities having limited DFI percentages. Activities having a previous resolution of the National Foreign Investment Commission which makes DFI participate. STATES EXCLUSIVE ACTIVITIES Article 5 specifies the following strategic areas in which neither foreigners nor Mexican societies may participate, that is, these areas are exclusively for the Mexican government:Oil and other hydrocarbonsbasic petrochemical activitieselectricitynuclear energy generationradioactive mineralssatellite communicationmail servicesrail roadsbill issuingcoiningcontrolsupervision and vigilance of portstelegraphsradiotelegraphyACTIVITIES EXCLUSIVELY RESERVED FOR MEXICAN CITIZENS Article 6 mentions the societies and economic activities exclusively reserved to Mexican citizens or to Mexican societies (excluding foreigners):National terrestrial passenger transportation; tourism and load transportation, not including shipping services; retail sale of gasoline and liquefied gas distribution; radio broadcasting services and other radio and television services (except cable TV); credit unions; development banking institutions (under the terms of the applicable law); and the rendering of professional and technical services expressly established by current legal dispositions. For no reason may the DFI directly participate in activities and societies mentioned by this article; nor even through trusteeships, agreements, social or statutory treaties, pyramidal schemes or through any other mechanism that gives them some kind of control or participation. AREAS WHERE FDI CAN PARTICIPATE WITH AN ESTABLISHED PERCENTAGE Article 7 details the following economic activities and societies in which DFI may participate with the following percentages: 10% and Up in Cooperative Production Societies. 25% and Up in National Air Transportation, aerial-taxi transportation and specialized Air Transportation. 49% and Up in Financial Group controlling Societies; Multiple Banking Institutions; Stock Markets; stock exchange transaction Specialists; Insurance Institutions; Money Exchange Offices; General Deposit Warehouses, Financial Lessee; Retirement Funds Administrators; explosive, fire arm, ammunition and fireworks manufacturing and commercialization (not including the purchase and usage of explosives and the elaboration of explosive mixtures for industrial and extractive activities); and the printing and publication of journals exclusively for the national territory. NATIONAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT REGISTRY (RNIE) The Commerce and Industrial Promotion Secretariat (SECOFI) is in charge of this registry which is under the direction of the Executive Secretary of the Foreign Investment National Commission. The RNIE is divided in three sections where persons, societies and trusteeships are to be subscribed, according to article 32 and which denominations are:First Section: Individuals and Foreign CorporationsSecond Section: SocietiesThird Sections: TrusteeshipsREQUIREMENTS TO ENTER THE RNIE A written application using the official format must be presented in original and two copies and the following documents must be annexed: Incorporation papers, contract or any other establishing documents; the statutes by means of which the corporation is governed; the legal representatives power of attorney given before a notary public and evidence of rights payment as established in the Federal Rights Law. Whenever it is needed the applicant must obtain a favorable resolution from the Commission in order to participate in a given activity, such resolution must be previously negotiated and annexed to the application. All documents presented in a language different to Spanish must come with a translation made by an expert translator. SECTORS WHERE THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS DIRECTED TO Manufacture Industry participates with 79.0%Transportation and Communications with 3.0%Financial Services with 2.9%Construction with 0.4%Extractive Industry with 0.3%Farming with 0.1% Electricity and water with 0.1%COUNTRIES FROM WHERE THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT COMES FROM Direct Foreign investments made in Mexico come mainly from the United States, Holland, Germany, Canada, Spain, the United Kingdom and Japan. FDI has enabled Mexico to acquire new technologies, improve infra-structure, stimulate productivity, and increase competitiveness in world markets. Today, Mexico is a major producer and exporter of automobiles, TV sets and laptop computers. More and more, foreign companies are participating in Mexicos development and have become a key element in Mexicos industrial transformation. Fresh capital has contributed the remaking of its industrial base, turning the country into what Business Week has called a new industrial powerhouse.CONCLUSION

Letters stranger Review Essay Example

Letters stranger Review Paper Essay on Letters stranger I do not know why, but adult literature, fairy tales and books after Barankin, be a man!, I began to try with the works of Andre Maurois. Olimpio, or Life of Victor Hugo, Lille, or the Life of George Sand Letters stranger. Impressions was the sea, still I remember how pestered grandmother, reading aloud from a library book. Later, as an adult and methodically collecting his personal library, first I bought it Letters stranger » Andre Maurois -. Pseudonym Emile Herzog, French writer, famous for his fictionalized biography. His works are delicate, lyrical, is psychological and full of irony. They can take away a quote and study in literature classes. They can be read like a novel feature, but you can repel historical. . They have to suit every taste I will give you a quote, which, perhaps, learn a lot so often it is repeated but few people know that this is a quote from the book Letters stranger Andre Morua. Do not talk about yourself no harm. This will make your friends. Or If we knew we would have all the things that they say about all of us, no one who would not talk. Also there Letters stranger published in Paris in 1956 by the publishing house La Jeune. Park . in Russian appeared in abbreviated form in the journal Foreign literature (1974, â„â€"1). We will write a custom essay sample on Letters stranger Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Letters stranger Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Letters stranger Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Andre Mauro stated that. the time spent with the woman lost can not be called The book letters stranger Morua spending time with a woman, which may not exist at all.  « you exist, and yet you do not. When a friend of mine invited me to p sat to you once a week, I mentally drew himself your image I created you beautiful and face, and mind I knew.. you do not slow down the experience alive in my dreams, and become read my messages and respond to them, and tell me all eager to hear the author.  » and any female reader think that the author refers specifically to her. and each word sounds so intimate He gives advice worthy of Laclau and Ovid. he tells stories and gently directs, is psychological and finely indicates the only way out of any situation. Of course, the time of writing, like Now, many tips and fun are no longer relevant, but Miserable people once said Abbe Munier -. For two thousand years they have not even managed to devise the eighth deadly sin . They have failed to come up with new toys also. For girls dolls and kitchen utensils, for boys war and vehicles; thats the eternal theme. Of course, the nature of war is changing. And instead of arming Indian Sioux bows and arrows are now in the windows you can see the toy bomber complete with a bomb, which is automatically reset to the town layout It can not be called progress.. But dolls to their credit do not change. After all, a woman, in the words of Allen, maintains that should be maintained, so that the man remained a man. So let it help us give peace to the world.